Prosthetic valves

This page is dedicated to reference values for prosthetic valves. More valves can be found here.

Normal Values for Aortic Valve Biologic Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak gradient (mmHg)	Mean gradient (mmHg)	EOA (cm2)
Baxter Perimount	Stented bovine pericardial	19	32.5 ± 8.5	19.5 ± 5.5	1.3 ± 0.2
		21	24.9 ± 7.7	13.8 ± 4.0	1.3 ± 0.3
		23	19.9 ± 7.4	11.5 ± 3.9	1.6 ± 0.3
		25	16.5 ± 7.8	10.7 ± 3.8	1.6 ± 0.4
		27	12.8 ± 5.4	4.8 ± 2.2	2.0 ± 0.4
Biocor	Stented porcine	23	30.0 ± 10.7	20 ± 6.6	1.3 ± 0.3
		25	23.0 ± 7.9	16 ± 5.1	1.7 ± 0.4
		27	22.0 ± 6.5	15.0 ± 3.7	2.2 ± 0.4
Bioflo	Stented bovine pericardial	19	37.2 ± 8.8	26.4 ± 5.5	0.7 ± 0.1
		21	28.7 ± 6.2	18.7 ± 5.5	1.1 ± 0.1
Carpentier Edwards Pericardial	Stented bovine pericardial	19	32.1 ± 3.4	24.2 ± 8.6	1.2 ± 0.3
		21	25.7 ± 9.9	20.3 ± 9.1	1.5 ± 0.4
		23	21.7 ± 8.6	13.0 ± 5.3	1.8 ± 0.3
		25	16.5 ± 5.4	9.0 ± 2.3
Carpentier Edwards Perimount	Stended	19	32.5 ± 8.5	19.5 ± 5.5
		21	24.9 ± 7.7	13.8 ± 4.0
		23	19.9 ± 7.4	11.5 ± 3.9
		25	16.5 ± 7.8	10.7 ± 3.8
		27	12.8 ± 5.4	4.8 ± 2.2
Carpentier Edwards Standard	Stented porcine	19	43.5 ± 12.7	25.6 ± 8.0	0.9 ± 0.2
		21	27.7 ± 7.6	17.3 ± 6.2	1.5 ± 0.3
		23	28.9 ± 7.5	16.1 ± 6.2	1.7 ± 0.5
		25	24.0 ± 7.1	12.9 ± 4.6	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	22.1 ± 8.2	12.1 ± 5.5	2.3 ± 0.6
		29		9.9 ± 2.9	2.8 ± 0.5
Carpentier Supra-Annular	Stented porcine	19	34.1 ± 2.7		1.1 ± 0.1
		21	28.0 ± 10.5	17.5 ± 3.8	1.4 ± 0.9
		23	25.3 ± 10.5	13.4 ± 4.5	1.6 ± 0.6
		25	24.4 ± 7.6	13.2 ± 4.8	1.8 ± 0.4
		27	16.7 ± 4.7	8.8 ± 2.8	1.9 ± 0.7
Cryolife	Stentless	19		9.0 ± 2.0	1.5 ± 0.3
		21		6.6 ± 2.9	1.7 ± 0.4
		23		6.0 ± 2.3	2.3 ± 0.2
		25		6.1 ± 2.6	2.6 ± 0.2
		27		4.0 ± 2.4	2.8 ± 0.3
Edwards Intuity	Sutureless	19		25.0 ± 2.4	1.3 ± 0.2
		21		10.7 ± 3.3	1.6 ± 0.2
		23		10.6 ± 3.5	1.8 ± 0.2
		25		9.9 ± 4.1	1.8 ± 0.2
		27		9.0 ± 3.8	1.8 ± 0.2
Edwards Magna Ease	Stended	19		14.9 ± 3.9	1.19 ± 0.44
		21		15.1 ± 6.5	1.26 ± 0.32
		23		12.4 ± 4.5	1.68 ± 0.34
		25		12.3 ± 4.8	1.77 ± 0.37
		27		9.4 ± 4.0	2.05 ± 0.36
Extended Biocor	Stentless	19	17.5 ± 6.5	9.6 ± 3.6	1.4 ± 0.4
		21	17.5 ± 6.5	9.6 ± 3.6	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	14.7 ± 7.3	7.7 ± 3.8	1.7 ± 0.4
		25	14.0 ± 4.3	7.4 ± 2.5	1.8 ± 0.4
Hancock	Stented porcine	21	18.0 ± 6.0	12.0 ± 2.0
		23	16.0 ± 2.0	11.0 ± 2.0
		25	15.0 ± 3.0	10.0 ± 3.0
Hancock II	Stented porcine	21		14.8 ± 4.1	1.3 ± 0.4
		23	34.0 ± 13.0	16.6 ± 8.5	1.3 ± 0.4
		25	22.0 ± 5.3	10.8 ± 2.8	1.6 ± 0.4
		29	16.2 ± 1.5	8.2 ± 1.7	1.6 ± 0.2
Homograft	Homograft valves	??	??	??	??
Intact	Stented porcine	19	40.4 ± 15.4	24.5 ± 9.3
		21	40.9 ± 15.6	19.6 ± 8.1	1.6 ± 0.4
		23	32.7 ± 9.6	19.0 ± 6.1	1.6 ± 0.4
		25	29.7 ± 15.0	17.7 ± 7.9	1.7 ± 0.3
		27	25.0 ± 7.6	15.0 ± 4.5
Ionescu-Shiley	Stented bovine pericardial	17	23.8 ± 3.4		0.9 ± 0.1
		19	19.7 ± 5.9	13.3 ± 3.9	1.1 ± 0.1
		21	26.6 ± 9.0
		23		15.6 ± 4.4
Labcor Santiago	Stented bovine pericardial	19	18.6 ± 5.0	11.8 ± 3.3	1.2 ± 0.1
		21	17.5 ± 6.6	8.2 ± 4.5	1.3 ± 0.1
		23	14.8 ± 5.2	7.8 ± 2.9	1.8 ± 0.2
		25	12.3 ± 3.4	6.8 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 0.3
Labcor Synergy	Stented porcine	21	24.3 ± 8.1	13.3 ± 4.2	1.1 ± 0.3
		23	27.3 ± 13.7	15.3 ± 6.9	1.4 ± 0.4
		25	22.5 ± 11.9	13.2 ± 6.4	1.5 ± 0.4
		27	17.8 ± 7.0	10.6 ± 4.6	1.8 ± 0.5
Medtronic Freestyle	Stentless	19		13.0 ± 3.9
		21		9.1 ± 5.1	1.4 ± 0.3
		23	11.0 ± 4.0	8.1 ± 4.6	1.7 ± 0.5
		25		5.3 ± 3.1	2.1 ± 0.5
		27		4.6 ± 3.1	2.5 ± 0.1
Medtronic Mosaic	Stented porcine	21		14.2 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	23.8 ± 11.0	13.7 ± 4.8	1.5 ± 0.4
		25	22.5 ± 10.0	11.7 ± 5.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		27		10.4 ± 4.3	1.9 ± 0.1
		29		11.1 ± 4.3	2.1 ± 0.2
Mitroflow	Stented bovine pericardial	19	18.6 ± 5.3	13.1 ± 3.3	1.1 ± 0.2
Prima	Stentless	21	28.8 ± 6.0	13.7 ± 1.9	1.4 ± 0.7
		23	21.5 ± 7.5	11.5 ± 4.9	1.5 ± 0.3
		25	22.1 ± 12.5	11.6 ± 7.2	1.8 ± 0.5
Sorin Pericarbon	Stentless	19	36.5 ± 9.0	28.9 ± 7.3	1.2 ± 0.5
		21	28.0 ± 13.3	23.8 ± 11.1	1.3 ± 0.6
		23	27.5 ± 11.5	23.2 ± 7.6	1.5 ± 0.5
Sorin Crown	Stended	19	18.7 ± 5.1	10.3 ± 3.0	1.13 ± 0.17
		21	20.2	15.4
		23	14.04 ± 4.91	7.56 ± 3.38
		25	17.0 ± 11.31	10.8 ± 6.51
		27	13.0 ± 3.0	6.57 ± 1.7
St. Jude Medical	Stentless	21	22.6 ± 14.5	10.7 ± 7.2	1.3 ± 0.6
		23	16.2 ± 9.0	8.2 ± 4.7	1.6 ± 0.6
		25	12.7 ± 8.2	6.3 ± 4.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		27	10.1 ± 5.8	5.0 ± 2.9	2.0 ± 0.3
		29	7.7 ± 4.4	4.1 ± 2.4	2.4 ± 0.6
St Jude Medial Epic	Stended	19	43.5 ± 12.7	25.6 ± 8.0
		21	27.2 ± 7.6	17.3 ± 6.2
		23	28.9 ± 7.5	16.1 ± 6.2
		25	24.0 ± 7.1	12.9 ± 4.6
		27	22.1 ± 8.2	12.1 ± 5.5
		29		9.9 ± 2.9
St Jude Medical Perceval	Sutureless	21	22.6 ± 10.6	10.9 ± 5.1	1.40 ± 0.37
		23	21.1 ± 8.4	10.5 ± 4.5	1.52 ± 0.41
		25	17.9 ± 6.5	9.5 ± 3.8	1.49 ± 0.35

Normal values for Aortic Valve Mechanical Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Effective Orifice Area (cm²)
ATS	Bileaflet	19	47.0 ± 12.6	25.3 ± 8	1.1 ± 0.3
		21	23.7 ± 6.8	15.9 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.5
		23		14.4 ± 4.9	1.7 ± 0.5
		25		11.3 ± 3.7	2.1 ± 0.7
		27		8.4 ± 3.7	2.5 ± 0.1
		29		8.0 ± 3.0	3.1 ± 0.8
		18		21.0 ± 1.8	1.2 ± 0.3
		20	21.4 ± 4.2	11.1 ± 3.5	1.3 ± 0.3
		22	18.7 ± 8.3	10.5 ± 4.5	1.7 ± 0.4
		24	15.1 ± 5.6	7.5 ± 3.1	2.0 ± 0.6
		26		6.0 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 0.4
Bjork-Shiley	Single tilting disc	21	38.9 ± 11.9	21.8 ± 3.4	1.1 ± 0.3
		23	28.8 ± 11.2	15.7 ± 5.3	1.3 ± 0.3
		25	23.7 ± 8.2	13.0 ± 5.0	1.5 ± 0.4
		27		10.0 ± 2.0	1.6 ± 0.3
Carbomedics Reduced	Bileaflet	19	43.4 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.2	1.2 ± 0.1
Carbomedics Standard	Bileaflet	19	38.0 ± 12.8	18.9 ± 8.3	1.0 ± 0.3
		21	26.8 ± 10.1	12.9 ± 5.4	1.5 ± 0.4
		23	22.5 ± 7.4	11.0 ± 4.6	1.4 ± 0.3
		25	19.6 ± 7.8	9.1 ± 3.5	1.8 ± 0.4
		27	17.5 ± 7.1	7.9 ± 3.2	2.2 ± 0.2
		29	9.1 ± 4.7	5.6 ± 3.0	3.2 ± 1.6
Carbomedics Tophat	Bileaflet	21	30.2 ± 10.9	14.9 ± 5.4	1.2 ± 0.3
		23	24.2 ± 7.6	12.5 ± 4.4	1.4 ± 0.4
		25		9.5 ± 2.9	1.6 ± 0.32
Edwards Duromedics	Bileaflet	21	39.0 ± 13
		23	32.0 ± 8.0
		25	26.0 ± 10.0
		27	24.0 ± 10.0
Edwards Mira	Bileaflet	19		18.2 ± 5.3	1.2 ± 0.4
		21		13.3 ± 4.3	1.6 ± 0.4
		23		14.7 ± 2.8	1.6 ± 0.6
		25		13.1 ± 3.8	1.9
MCRI On-X	Bileaflet	19	21.3 ± 10.8	11.8 ± 3.4	1.5 ± 0.2
		21	16.4 ± 5.9	9.9 ± 3.6	1.7 ± 0.4
		23	15.9 ± 6.4	8.6 ± 3.4	1.9 ± 0.6
		25	16.5 ± 10.2	6.9 ± 4.3	2.4 ± 0.6
Medtronic Advantage	Bileaflet	23		10.4 ± 3.1	2.2 ± 0.3
		25		9.0 ± 3.7	2.8 ± 0.6
		27		7.6 ± 3.6	3.3 ± 0.7
		29		6.1 ± 3.8	3.9 ±0.7
Medtronic Hall	Single tilting disc	20	34.4 ± 13.1	17.1 ± 5.3	1.2 ± 0.5
		21	26.9 ± 10.5	14.1 ± 5.9	1.1 ± 0.2
		23	26.9 ± 8.9	13.5 ± 4.8	1.4 ± 0.4
		25	17.1 ± 7.0	9.5 ± 4.3	1.5 ± 0.5
		27	18.9 ± 9.7	8.7 ± 5.6	1.9 ± 0.2
Monostrut Bjork-Shiley	Single tilting disc	19		27.4 ± 8.8
		21	27.5 ± 3.1	20.5 ± 6.2
		23	20.3 ± 0.7	17.4 ± 6.4
		25		16.1 ± 4.9
		27		11.4 ± 3.8
Omnicarbon	Single tilting disc	21	37.4 ± 12.8	20.4 ± 5.4	1.3 ± 0.5
		23	28.8 ± 9.1	17.4 ± 4.9	1.5 ± 0.3
		25	23.7 ± 8.1	13.2 ± 4.6	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	20.1 ± 4.2	12.4 ± 2.9	2.1 ± 0.4
Omniscience	Single tilting disc	21	50.8 ± 2.8	28.2 ± 2.2	0.9 ± 0.1
		23	39.8 ± 8.7	20.1 ± 5.1	1.0 ± 0.1
Sorin Bicarbon	Bileaflet	19	30.1 ± 4.5	16.7 ± 2.0	1.4 ± 0.1
		21	22.0 ± 7.1	10.0 ± 3.3	1.2 ± 0.4
		23	16.8 ± 6.1	7.7 ± 3.3	1.5 ± 0.2
		25	11.2 ± 3.1	5.6 ± 1.6	2.4 ± 0.3
St. Jude Medical Haem Plus	Bileaflet	19	28.5 ± 10.7	17.0 ± 7.8	1.9 ± 0.1
		21	16.3 ± 17.0	10.6 ± 5.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		23	16.8 ± 7.3	12.1 ± 4.2	1.7 ± 0.5
St. Jude Medical Regent	Bileaflet	19	20.6 ± 12	11.0 ± 4.9	1.6 ± 0.4
		21	15.6 ± 9.4	8.0 ± 4.8	2.0 ± 0.7
		23	12.8 ± 6.8	6.9 ± 3.5	2.3 ± 0.9
		25	11.7 ± 6.8	5.6 ± 3.2	2.5 ± 0.8
		27	7.9 ± 5.5	3.5 ± 1.7	3.6 ± 0.5
St. Jude Medical Standard	Bileaflet	19	42.0 ± 10.0	24.5 ± 5.8	1.5 ± 0.1
		21	25.7 ± 9.5	15.2 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	21.8 ± 7.5	13.4 ± 5.6	1.6 ± 0.4
		25	18.9 ± 7.3	11.0 ± 5.3	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	13.7 ± 4.2	8.4 ± 3.4	2.5 ± 0.4
		29	13.5 ± 5.8	7.0 ± 1.7	2.8 ± 0.5
Starr Edwards	Caged ball	23	32.6 ± 12.8	22.0 ± 9.0	1.1 ± 0.2
		24	34.1 ± 10.3	22.1 ± 7.5	1.1 ± 0.3
		26	31.8 ± 9.0	19.7 ± 6.1
		27	30.8 ± 6.3	18.5 ± 3.7
		29	29.0 ± 9.3	16.3 ± 5.5

Normal values for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Prothesis

Valve	Size	Day	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Effective orifice area (cm²)
Sapien	23	Discharge	11.90 ± 3.60	8.13 ± 4.29	2.20 ± 0.30	1.55 ± 0.34
	23	1 year	21.20 ± 11.90	12.50 ± 6.90	2.20 ± 0.60	1.67 ± 0.46
	26	Discharge	9.50 ± 5.20	6.12 ± 3.17	1.90 ± 0.40	1.84 ± 0.42
	26	1 year	13.90 ± 8.00	7.90 ± 4.10	1.80 ± 0.50	2.00 ± 0.65
Sapien III	20	30 days		16.70 ± 5.60		1.20 ± 0.20
	23	Discharge		11.23 ± 5.99		1.52 ± 0.27
	23	30 days		13.00 ± 5.40		1.50± 0.30
	26	Discharge		9.55 ± 3.60		1.84 ± 0.32
	29	Discharge		8.65 ± 3.19		2.23 ± 0.41
	29	30 days		9.20 ± 3.10		1.90 ± 0.40
Sapien XT	20	Discharge		12.19 ± 5.16		1.50 ± 0.30
	23	Discharge	19.70 ± 6.50	10.36 ± 4.48		1.48 ± 0.38
	26	Discharge		8.51 ± 5.33		1.86 ± 0.56
	29	Discharge		9.35 ± 4.84		2.24 ± 0.79
	29	30 days	15.40 ± 6.70	8.30 ± 3.50		2.50 ± 4.00
	29	6 month	15.80 ± 6.70	8.30 ± 3.00		1.90 ± 0.50
	29	1 year	18.00 ± 7.80	9.10 ± 4.00		2.00 ± 0.60
Portico	23	Discharge	18.60 ± 8.90	10.08 ± 2.63		1.38 ± 0.27
	23	30 days		10.90 ± 3.80		1.30 ± 0.20
Corevalve	26	Discharge		7.80 ± 3.00	1.80 ± 0.30	1.83 ± 0.57
	26	1 year	11.90 ± 5.70	6.80 ± 3.30	1.70 ± 0.40	1.90 ± 0.53
	29	Discharge	14.60 ± 6.60	8.50 ± 3.70	1.87 ± 0.43	2.24 ± 0.79
	29	1 year	14.80 ± 7.40	8.30 ± 3.80	1.90 ± 0.50	2.11 ± 0.42
Lotus	23	30 days		13.50 ± 3.20
	25	30 days		11.70 ± 5.30
	27	30 days		11.80 ± 4.30
Engager	23	Discharge		12.60 ± 5.90

Normal values for Mitral Valve Biologic Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient(mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Pressure Half Time (ms)	Effective Orifice Area (cm²)
Biocor	Stentless	27	13 ± 1
		29	14 ± 2.5
		31	11.5 ± 0.5
		33	12 ± 0.5
Bioflo pericardial	Stented	25	10 ± 2	6.3 ± 1.5			2.0 ± 0.1
		27	9.5 ± 2.6	5.4 ± 1.2			2.0± 0.3
		29	5 ± 2.8	3.6 ± 1			2.4 ± 0.2
		31	4.0	2.0			2.3
Carpentier-Edwards	Stented	27		6 ± 2	1.7 ± 0.3	98 ± 28
		29		4.7 ± 2	1.76 ± 0.27	92 ± 14
		31		4.4 ± 2	1.54 ± 0.15	92 ± 19
		33		6 ± 3		93 ± 12
Carpentier-Edwards pericardial	Stented	27		3.6	1.6	100
		29		5.25 ± 2.36	1.67 ± 0.3	110 ± 15
		31		4.05 ± 0.83	1.53 ± 0.1	90 ± 11
		23		1.0	0.8	80
Hancock I (or NOS)	Stented	27	10 ± 4	5 ± 2			1.3 ± 0.8
		29	7 ± 3	2.46 ± 0.79		115 ± 20	1.5 ± 0.2
		31	4 ± 0.86	4.86 ± 1.69		95 ± 17	1.6 ± 0.2
		33	3 ± 2	3.87 ± 2		90 ± 12	1.9 ± 0.2
Hancock II	Stented	27					2.21 ± 0.14
		29					2.77 ± 0.11
		31					2.84 ± 0.1
		33					3.15 ± 0.22
Hancock pericardial	Stented	29		2.61 ± 1.39	1.42 ± 0.14	105 ± 36
		31		3.57 ± 1.02	1.51 ± 0.27	81 ± 23
Ionescu-Shiley	Stented	25		4.87 ± 1.08	1.43 ± 0.15	93 ± 11
		27		3.21 ± 0.82	1.31 ± 0.24	100 ± 28
		29		3.22 ± 0.57	1.38 ± 0.2	85 ± 8
		31		3.63 ± 0.9	1.45 ± 0.06	100 ± 36
Ionescu-Shiley low profile	Stented	29		3.31 ± 0.96	1.36 ± 0.25	80 ± 30
		31		2.74 ± 0.37	1.33 ± 0.14	79 ± 15
Labcor-Santiago pericardial	Stented	25	8.7	4.5		97	2.2
		27	5.6 ± 2.3	2.8 ± 1.5		85 ± 18	2.12 ± 0.48
		29	6.2 ± 2.1	3 ± 1.3		80 ± 34	2.11 ± 0.73
Medtronic Intact Porcine	Stented	29		3.5 ± 0.51	1.6 ± 0.22
		31		4.2 ± 1.44	1.6 ± 0.26
		33		4 ± 1.3	1.4 ± 0.24
		35		3.2 ± 1.77	1.3 ± 0.5
Mitroflow	Stented	25		6.9	2.0	90
		27		3.07 ± 0.91	1.5	90 ± 20
		29		3.5 ± 1.65	1.43 ± 0.29	102 ± 21
		31		3.85 ± 0.81	1.32 ± 0.26	91 ± 22
Quadrileaflet bovine pericardial	Stentless	26		2.2 ± 1.7	1.6	103 ± 31	1.7
		28			1.58 ± 0.25		1.7 ± 0.6
		30			1.42 ± 0.32		2.3 ± 0.4
Wessex	Stented	29		3.69 ± 0.61	1.66 ± 0.17	83 ± 19
		31		3.31 ± 0.83	1.41 ± 0.25	80 ± 21

Normal values for Mitral Valve Mechanical Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient(mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Pressure Half Time (ms)	Effective Orifice Area (cm2)
Bjork-Shiley	Tilting disc	23			1.7	115
		25	12 ± 4	6 ± 2	1.75 ± 0.38	99 ± 27	1.72 ± 0.6
		27	10 ± 4	5 ± 2	1.6 ± 0.49	89 ± 28	1.81 ± 0.54
		29	7.83 ± 2.93	2.83 ± 1.27	1.37 ± 0.25	79 ± 17	2.1 ± 0.43
		31	6 ± 3	2 ± 1.9	1.41 ± 0.26	70 ± 14	2.2 ± 0.3
Bjork-Shiley monostrut	Tilting disc	23		5.0	1.9
		25	13 ± 2.5	5.57 ± 2.3	1.8 ± 0.3
		27	12 ± 2.5	4.53 ± 2.2	1.7 ± 0.4
		29	13 ± 3	4.26 ± 1.6	1.6 ± 0.3
		31	14 ± 4.5	4.9 ± 1.6	1.7 ± 0.3
Carbomedics	Bileaflet	23			1.9 ± 0.1	126 ± 7
		25	10.3 ± 2.3	3.6 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.1	93 ± 8	2.9 ± 0.8
		27	8.79 ± 3.46	3.46 ± 1.03	1.61 ± 0.3	89 ± 20	2.9 ± 0.75
		29	8.78 ± 2.9	3.39 ± 0.97	1.52 ± 0.3	88 ± 17	2.3 ± 0.4
		31	8.87 ± 2.34	3.32 ± 0.87	1.61 ± 0.29	92 ± 24	2.8 ± 1.14
		33	8.8 ± 2.2	4.8 ± 2.5	1.5 ± 0.2	93 ± 12
Duromedics	Bileaflet	27	13 ± 6	5 ± 3	1.61 ± 0.4	75 ± 12
		29	10 ± 4	3 ± 1	1.40 ± 0.25	85 ± 22
		31	10.5 ± 4.33	3.3 ± 1.36	1.38 ± 0.27	81 ± 12
		33	11.2	2.5		85
Lillehei-Kaster	Tilting disc	18			1.7	140
		20			1.7	67
		22			1.56 ± 0.09	94 ± 22
		25			1.38 ± 0.27	124 ± 46
Medtronic Hall	Tilting disc	27			1.4	78
		29			1.57 ± 0.1	69 ± 15
		31			1.45 ± 0.12	77 ± 17
Omnicarbon	Tilting disc	23		8.0
		25		6.05 ± 1.81	1.77 ± 0.24	102 ± 16
		27		4.89 ± 2.05	1.63 ± 0.36	105 ± 33
		29		4.93 ± 2.16	1.56 ± 0.27	120 ± 40
		31		4.18 ± 1.4	1.3 ± 0.23	134 ± 31
		33		4 ± 2
On-X	Bileaflet	25	11.5 ± 3.2	5.3 ± 2.1			1.9 ± 1.1
		27	10.3 ± 4.5	4.5 ± 1.6			2.2 ± 0.5
		29	10.3 ± 4.5	4.5 ± 1.6			2.2 ± 0.5
		31	9.8 ± 3.8	4.8 ± 2.4			2.5 ± 1.1
		33	9.8 ± 3.8	4.8 ± 2.4			2.5 ± 1.1
Sorin Allcarbon	Tilting disc	25	15 ± 0.25	4 ± 0.5	1.95 ± 0.02	70 ± 1
		27	11 ± 2.75	4 ± 0.5	1.65 ± 0.21	82 ± 20
		29	12 ± 3	4 ± 1.25	1.73 ± 0.22	80 ± 14
		31	10 ± 1.5	4 ± 1	1.66 ± 0.11	83 ± 14
St. Jude Medical	Bileaflet	23		4.0	1.5	160	1.0
		25		2.5 ± 1	1.34 ± 1.12	75 ± 4	1.35 ± 0.17
		27	11 ± 4	5 ± 1.82	1.61 ± 0.29	75 ± 10	1.67 ± 0.17
		29	10 ± 3	4.15 ± 1.8	1.57 ± 0.29	85 ± 10	1.75 ± 0.24
		31	12 ± 6	4.46 ± 2.22	1.59 ± 0.33	74 ± 13	2.03 ± 0.32
Starr-Edwards	Caged ball	26		10.0			1.4
		28		7 ± 2.75			1.9 ± 0.57
		30	12.2 ± 4.6	6.99 ± 2.5	1.7 ± 0.3	125 ± 25	1.65 ± 0.4
		32	11.5 ± 4.2	5.08 ± 2.5	1.7 ± 0.3	110 ± 25	1.98 ± 0.4
		34		5.0			2.6

References

JASE,2009,sept;22(9):975-1014

JACC,2012,vol.5,no.4,2012