Prosthetic valves

• Aortic Valve Biologic Prothesis
• Aortic Valve Mechanical Prothesis
• Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
• Mitral Valve Biologic Prothesis
• Mitral Valve Mechanical Prothesis

Normal Values for Aortic Valve Biologic Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak gradient (mmHg)	Mean gradient (mmHg)	EOA (cm2)
Baxter Perimount	Stented bovine pericardial	19	32.5 ± 8.5	19.5 ± 5.5	1.3 ± 0.2
		21	24.9 ± 7.7	13.8 ± 4.0	1.3 ± 0.3
		23	19.9 ± 7.4	11.5 ± 3.9	1.6 ± 0.3
		25	16.5 ± 7.8	10.7 ± 3.8	1.6 ± 0.4
		27	12.8 ± 5.4	4.8 ± 2.2	2.0 ± 0.4
Biocor	Stented porcine	23	30.0 ± 10.7	20 ± 6.6	1.3 ± 0.3
		25	23.0 ± 7.9	16 ± 5.1	1.7 ± 0.4
		27	22.0 ± 6.5	15.0 ± 3.7	2.2 ± 0.4
Bioflo	Stented bovine pericardial	19	37.2 ± 8.8	26.4 ± 5.5	0.7 ± 0.1
		21	28.7 ± 6.2	18.7 ± 5.5	1.1 ± 0.1
Carpentier Edwards Pericardial	Stented bovine pericardial	19	32.1 ± 3.4	24.2 ± 8.6	1.2 ± 0.3
		21	25.7 ± 9.9	20.3 ± 9.1	1.5 ± 0.4
		23	21.7 ± 8.6	13.0 ± 5.3	1.8 ± 0.3
		25	16.5 ± 5.4	9.0 ± 2.3
Carpentier Edwards Perimount	Stended	19	32.5 ± 8.5	19.5 ± 5.5
		21	24.9 ± 7.7	13.8 ± 4.0
		23	19.9 ± 7.4	11.5 ± 3.9
		25	16.5 ± 7.8	10.7 ± 3.8
		27	12.8 ± 5.4	4.8 ± 2.2
Carpentier Edwards Standard	Stented porcine	19	43.5 ± 12.7	25.6 ± 8.0	0.9 ± 0.2
		21	27.7 ± 7.6	17.3 ± 6.2	1.5 ± 0.3
		23	28.9 ± 7.5	16.1 ± 6.2	1.7 ± 0.5
		25	24.0 ± 7.1	12.9 ± 4.6	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	22.1 ± 8.2	12.1 ± 5.5	2.3 ± 0.6
		29		9.9 ± 2.9	2.8 ± 0.5
Carpentier Supra-Annular	Stented porcine	19	34.1 ± 2.7		1.1 ± 0.1
		21	28.0 ± 10.5	17.5 ± 3.8	1.4 ± 0.9
		23	25.3 ± 10.5	13.4 ± 4.5	1.6 ± 0.6
		25	24.4 ± 7.6	13.2 ± 4.8	1.8 ± 0.4
		27	16.7 ± 4.7	8.8 ± 2.8	1.9 ± 0.7
Cryolife	Stentless	19		9.0 ± 2.0	1.5 ± 0.3
		21		6.6 ± 2.9	1.7 ± 0.4
		23		6.0 ± 2.3	2.3 ± 0.2
		25		6.1 ± 2.6	2.6 ± 0.2
		27		4.0 ± 2.4	2.8 ± 0.3
Edwards Intuity	Sutureless	19		25.0 ± 2.4	1.3 ± 0.2
		21		10.7 ± 3.3	1.6 ± 0.2
		23		10.6 ± 3.5	1.8 ± 0.2
		25		9.9 ± 4.1	1.8 ± 0.2
		27		9.0 ± 3.8	1.8 ± 0.2
Edwards Magna Ease	Stended	19		14.9 ± 3.9	1.19 ± 0.44
		21		15.1 ± 6.5	1.26 ± 0.32
		23		12.4 ± 4.5	1.68 ± 0.34
		25		12.3 ± 4.8	1.77 ± 0.37
		27		9.4 ± 4.0	2.05 ± 0.36
Extended Biocor	Stentless	19	17.5 ± 6.5	9.6 ± 3.6	1.4 ± 0.4
		21	17.5 ± 6.5	9.6 ± 3.6	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	14.7 ± 7.3	7.7 ± 3.8	1.7 ± 0.4
		25	14.0 ± 4.3	7.4 ± 2.5	1.8 ± 0.4
Hancock	Stented porcine	21	18.0 ± 6.0	12.0 ± 2.0
		23	16.0 ± 2.0	11.0 ± 2.0
		25	15.0 ± 3.0	10.0 ± 3.0
Hancock II	Stented porcine	21		14.8 ± 4.1	1.3 ± 0.4
		23	34.0 ± 13.0	16.6 ± 8.5	1.3 ± 0.4
		25	22.0 ± 5.3	10.8 ± 2.8	1.6 ± 0.4
		29	16.2 ± 1.5	8.2 ± 1.7	1.6 ± 0.2
Homograft	Homograft valves	??	??	??	??
Intact	Stented porcine	19	40.4 ± 15.4	24.5 ± 9.3
		21	40.9 ± 15.6	19.6 ± 8.1	1.6 ± 0.4
		23	32.7 ± 9.6	19.0 ± 6.1	1.6 ± 0.4
		25	29.7 ± 15.0	17.7 ± 7.9	1.7 ± 0.3
		27	25.0 ± 7.6	15.0 ± 4.5
Ionescu-Shiley	Stented bovine pericardial	17	23.8 ± 3.4		0.9 ± 0.1
		19	19.7 ± 5.9	13.3 ± 3.9	1.1 ± 0.1
		21	26.6 ± 9.0
		23		15.6 ± 4.4
Labcor Santiago	Stented bovine pericardial	19	18.6 ± 5.0	11.8 ± 3.3	1.2 ± 0.1
		21	17.5 ± 6.6	8.2 ± 4.5	1.3 ± 0.1
		23	14.8 ± 5.2	7.8 ± 2.9	1.8 ± 0.2
		25	12.3 ± 3.4	6.8 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 0.3
Labcor Synergy	Stented porcine	21	24.3 ± 8.1	13.3 ± 4.2	1.1 ± 0.3
		23	27.3 ± 13.7	15.3 ± 6.9	1.4 ± 0.4
		25	22.5 ± 11.9	13.2 ± 6.4	1.5 ± 0.4
		27	17.8 ± 7.0	10.6 ± 4.6	1.8 ± 0.5
Medtronic Freestyle	Stentless	19		13.0 ± 3.9
		21		9.1 ± 5.1	1.4 ± 0.3
		23	11.0 ± 4.0	8.1 ± 4.6	1.7 ± 0.5
		25		5.3 ± 3.1	2.1 ± 0.5
		27		4.6 ± 3.1	2.5 ± 0.1
Medtronic Mosaic	Stented porcine	21		14.2 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	23.8 ± 11.0	13.7 ± 4.8	1.5 ± 0.4
		25	22.5 ± 10.0	11.7 ± 5.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		27		10.4 ± 4.3	1.9 ± 0.1
		29		11.1 ± 4.3	2.1 ± 0.2
Mitroflow	Stented bovine pericardial	19	18.6 ± 5.3	13.1 ± 3.3	1.1 ± 0.2
Prima	Stentless	21	28.8 ± 6.0	13.7 ± 1.9	1.4 ± 0.7
		23	21.5 ± 7.5	11.5 ± 4.9	1.5 ± 0.3
		25	22.1 ± 12.5	11.6 ± 7.2	1.8 ± 0.5
Sorin Pericarbon	Stentless	19	36.5 ± 9.0	28.9 ± 7.3	1.2 ± 0.5
		21	28.0 ± 13.3	23.8 ± 11.1	1.3 ± 0.6
		23	27.5 ± 11.5	23.2 ± 7.6	1.5 ± 0.5
Sorin Crown	Stended	19	18.7 ± 5.1	10.3 ± 3.0	1.13 ± 0.17
		21	20.2	15.4
		23	14.04 ± 4.91	7.56 ± 3.38
		25	17.0 ± 11.31	10.8 ± 6.51
		27	13.0 ± 3.0	6.57 ± 1.7
St. Jude Medical	Stentless	21	22.6 ± 14.5	10.7 ± 7.2	1.3 ± 0.6
		23	16.2 ± 9.0	8.2 ± 4.7	1.6 ± 0.6
		25	12.7 ± 8.2	6.3 ± 4.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		27	10.1 ± 5.8	5.0 ± 2.9	2.0 ± 0.3
		29	7.7 ± 4.4	4.1 ± 2.4	2.4 ± 0.6
St Jude Medial Epic	Stended	19	43.5 ± 12.7	25.6 ± 8.0
		21	27.2 ± 7.6	17.3 ± 6.2
		23	28.9 ± 7.5	16.1 ± 6.2
		25	24.0 ± 7.1	12.9 ± 4.6
		27	22.1 ± 8.2	12.1 ± 5.5
		29		9.9 ± 2.9
St Jude Medical Perceval	Sutureless	21	22.6 ± 10.6	10.9 ± 5.1	1.40 ± 0.37
		23	21.1 ± 8.4	10.5 ± 4.5	1.52 ± 0.41
		25	17.9 ± 6.5	9.5 ± 3.8	1.49 ± 0.35

Normal values for Aortic Valve Mechanical Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Effective Orifice Area (cm²)
ATS	Bileaflet	19	47.0 ± 12.6	25.3 ± 8	1.1 ± 0.3
		21	23.7 ± 6.8	15.9 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.5
		23		14.4 ± 4.9	1.7 ± 0.5
		25		11.3 ± 3.7	2.1 ± 0.7
		27		8.4 ± 3.7	2.5 ± 0.1
		29		8.0 ± 3.0	3.1 ± 0.8
		18		21.0 ± 1.8	1.2 ± 0.3
		20	21.4 ± 4.2	11.1 ± 3.5	1.3 ± 0.3
		22	18.7 ± 8.3	10.5 ± 4.5	1.7 ± 0.4
		24	15.1 ± 5.6	7.5 ± 3.1	2.0 ± 0.6
		26		6.0 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 0.4
Bjork-Shiley	Single tilting disc	21	38.9 ± 11.9	21.8 ± 3.4	1.1 ± 0.3
		23	28.8 ± 11.2	15.7 ± 5.3	1.3 ± 0.3
		25	23.7 ± 8.2	13.0 ± 5.0	1.5 ± 0.4
		27		10.0 ± 2.0	1.6 ± 0.3
Carbomedics Reduced	Bileaflet	19	43.4 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.2	1.2 ± 0.1
Carbomedics Standard	Bileaflet	19	38.0 ± 12.8	18.9 ± 8.3	1.0 ± 0.3
		21	26.8 ± 10.1	12.9 ± 5.4	1.5 ± 0.4
		23	22.5 ± 7.4	11.0 ± 4.6	1.4 ± 0.3
		25	19.6 ± 7.8	9.1 ± 3.5	1.8 ± 0.4
		27	17.5 ± 7.1	7.9 ± 3.2	2.2 ± 0.2
		29	9.1 ± 4.7	5.6 ± 3.0	3.2 ± 1.6
Carbomedics Tophat	Bileaflet	21	30.2 ± 10.9	14.9 ± 5.4	1.2 ± 0.3
		23	24.2 ± 7.6	12.5 ± 4.4	1.4 ± 0.4
		25		9.5 ± 2.9	1.6 ± 0.32
Edwards Duromedics	Bileaflet	21	39.0 ± 13
		23	32.0 ± 8.0
		25	26.0 ± 10.0
		27	24.0 ± 10.0
Edwards Mira	Bileaflet	19		18.2 ± 5.3	1.2 ± 0.4
		21		13.3 ± 4.3	1.6 ± 0.4
		23		14.7 ± 2.8	1.6 ± 0.6
		25		13.1 ± 3.8	1.9
MCRI On-X	Bileaflet	19	21.3 ± 10.8	11.8 ± 3.4	1.5 ± 0.2
		21	16.4 ± 5.9	9.9 ± 3.6	1.7 ± 0.4
		23	15.9 ± 6.4	8.6 ± 3.4	1.9 ± 0.6
		25	16.5 ± 10.2	6.9 ± 4.3	2.4 ± 0.6
Medtronic Advantage	Bileaflet	23		10.4 ± 3.1	2.2 ± 0.3
		25		9.0 ± 3.7	2.8 ± 0.6
		27		7.6 ± 3.6	3.3 ± 0.7
		29		6.1 ± 3.8	3.9 ±0.7
Medtronic Hall	Single tilting disc	20	34.4 ± 13.1	17.1 ± 5.3	1.2 ± 0.5
		21	26.9 ± 10.5	14.1 ± 5.9	1.1 ± 0.2
		23	26.9 ± 8.9	13.5 ± 4.8	1.4 ± 0.4
		25	17.1 ± 7.0	9.5 ± 4.3	1.5 ± 0.5
		27	18.9 ± 9.7	8.7 ± 5.6	1.9 ± 0.2
Monostrut Bjork-Shiley	Single tilting disc	19		27.4 ± 8.8
		21	27.5 ± 3.1	20.5 ± 6.2
		23	20.3 ± 0.7	17.4 ± 6.4
		25		16.1 ± 4.9
		27		11.4 ± 3.8
Omnicarbon	Single tilting disc	21	37.4 ± 12.8	20.4 ± 5.4	1.3 ± 0.5
		23	28.8 ± 9.1	17.4 ± 4.9	1.5 ± 0.3
		25	23.7 ± 8.1	13.2 ± 4.6	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	20.1 ± 4.2	12.4 ± 2.9	2.1 ± 0.4
Omniscience	Single tilting disc	21	50.8 ± 2.8	28.2 ± 2.2	0.9 ± 0.1
		23	39.8 ± 8.7	20.1 ± 5.1	1.0 ± 0.1
Sorin Bicarbon	Bileaflet	19	30.1 ± 4.5	16.7 ± 2.0	1.4 ± 0.1
		21	22.0 ± 7.1	10.0 ± 3.3	1.2 ± 0.4
		23	16.8 ± 6.1	7.7 ± 3.3	1.5 ± 0.2
		25	11.2 ± 3.1	5.6 ± 1.6	2.4 ± 0.3
St. Jude Medical Haem Plus	Bileaflet	19	28.5 ± 10.7	17.0 ± 7.8	1.9 ± 0.1
		21	16.3 ± 17.0	10.6 ± 5.1	1.8 ± 0.5
		23	16.8 ± 7.3	12.1 ± 4.2	1.7 ± 0.5
St. Jude Medical Regent	Bileaflet	19	20.6 ± 12	11.0 ± 4.9	1.6 ± 0.4
		21	15.6 ± 9.4	8.0 ± 4.8	2.0 ± 0.7
		23	12.8 ± 6.8	6.9 ± 3.5	2.3 ± 0.9
		25	11.7 ± 6.8	5.6 ± 3.2	2.5 ± 0.8
		27	7.9 ± 5.5	3.5 ± 1.7	3.6 ± 0.5
St. Jude Medical Standard	Bileaflet	19	42.0 ± 10.0	24.5 ± 5.8	1.5 ± 0.1
		21	25.7 ± 9.5	15.2 ± 5.0	1.4 ± 0.4
		23	21.8 ± 7.5	13.4 ± 5.6	1.6 ± 0.4
		25	18.9 ± 7.3	11.0 ± 5.3	1.9 ± 0.5
		27	13.7 ± 4.2	8.4 ± 3.4	2.5 ± 0.4
		29	13.5 ± 5.8	7.0 ± 1.7	2.8 ± 0.5
Starr Edwards	Caged ball	23	32.6 ± 12.8	22.0 ± 9.0	1.1 ± 0.2
		24	34.1 ± 10.3	22.1 ± 7.5	1.1 ± 0.3
		26	31.8 ± 9.0	19.7 ± 6.1
		27	30.8 ± 6.3	18.5 ± 3.7
		29	29.0 ± 9.3	16.3 ± 5.5

Normal values for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Prothesis

Valve	Size	Day	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Effective orifice area (cm²)
Sapien	23	Discharge	11.90 ± 3.60	8.13 ± 4.29	2.20 ± 0.30	1.55 ± 0.34
	23	1 year	21.20 ± 11.90	12.50 ± 6.90	2.20 ± 0.60	1.67 ± 0.46
	26	Discharge	9.50 ± 5.20	6.12 ± 3.17	1.90 ± 0.40	1.84 ± 0.42
	26	1 year	13.90 ± 8.00	7.90 ± 4.10	1.80 ± 0.50	2.00 ± 0.65
Sapien III	20	30 days		16.70 ± 5.60		1.20 ± 0.20
	23	Discharge		11.23 ± 5.99		1.52 ± 0.27
	23	30 days		13.00 ± 5.40		1.50± 0.30
	26	Discharge		9.55 ± 3.60		1.84 ± 0.32
	29	Discharge		8.65 ± 3.19		2.23 ± 0.41
	29	30 days		9.20 ± 3.10		1.90 ± 0.40
Sapien XT	20	Discharge		12.19 ± 5.16		1.50 ± 0.30
	23	Discharge	19.70 ± 6.50	10.36 ± 4.48		1.48 ± 0.38
	26	Discharge		8.51 ± 5.33		1.86 ± 0.56
	29	Discharge		9.35 ± 4.84		2.24 ± 0.79
	29	30 days	15.40 ± 6.70	8.30 ± 3.50		2.50 ± 4.00
	29	6 month	15.80 ± 6.70	8.30 ± 3.00		1.90 ± 0.50
	29	1 year	18.00 ± 7.80	9.10 ± 4.00		2.00 ± 0.60
Portico	23	Discharge	18.60 ± 8.90	10.08 ± 2.63		1.38 ± 0.27
	23	30 days		10.90 ± 3.80		1.30 ± 0.20
Corevalve	26	Discharge		7.80 ± 3.00	1.80 ± 0.30	1.83 ± 0.57
	26	1 year	11.90 ± 5.70	6.80 ± 3.30	1.70 ± 0.40	1.90 ± 0.53
	29	Discharge	14.60 ± 6.60	8.50 ± 3.70	1.87 ± 0.43	2.24 ± 0.79
	29	1 year	14.80 ± 7.40	8.30 ± 3.80	1.90 ± 0.50	2.11 ± 0.42
Lotus	23	30 days		13.50 ± 3.20
	25	30 days		11.70 ± 5.30
	27	30 days		11.80 ± 4.30
Engager	23	Discharge		12.60 ± 5.90

Normal values for Mitral Valve Biologic Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient (mmHg)	Mean Gradient(mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Pressure Half Time (ms)	Effective Orifice Area (cm²)
Biocor	Stentless	27	13 ± 1
		29	14 ± 2.5
		31	11.5 ± 0.5
		33	12 ± 0.5
Bioflo pericardial	Stented	25	10 ± 2	6.3 ± 1.5			2.0 ± 0.1
		27	9.5 ± 2.6	5.4 ± 1.2			2.0± 0.3
		29	5 ± 2.8	3.6 ± 1			2.4 ± 0.2
		31	4.0	2.0			2.3
Carpentier-Edwards	Stented	27		6 ± 2	1.7 ± 0.3	98 ± 28
		29		4.7 ± 2	1.76 ± 0.27	92 ± 14
		31		4.4 ± 2	1.54 ± 0.15	92 ± 19
		33		6 ± 3		93 ± 12
Carpentier-Edwards pericardial	Stented	27		3.6	1.6	100
		29		5.25 ± 2.36	1.67 ± 0.3	110 ± 15
		31		4.05 ± 0.83	1.53 ± 0.1	90 ± 11
		23		1.0	0.8	80
Hancock I (or NOS)	Stented	27	10 ± 4	5 ± 2			1.3 ± 0.8
		29	7 ± 3	2.46 ± 0.79		115 ± 20	1.5 ± 0.2
		31	4 ± 0.86	4.86 ± 1.69		95 ± 17	1.6 ± 0.2
		33	3 ± 2	3.87 ± 2		90 ± 12	1.9 ± 0.2
Hancock II	Stented	27					2.21 ± 0.14
		29					2.77 ± 0.11
		31					2.84 ± 0.1
		33					3.15 ± 0.22
Hancock pericardial	Stented	29		2.61 ± 1.39	1.42 ± 0.14	105 ± 36
		31		3.57 ± 1.02	1.51 ± 0.27	81 ± 23
Ionescu-Shiley	Stented	25		4.87 ± 1.08	1.43 ± 0.15	93 ± 11
		27		3.21 ± 0.82	1.31 ± 0.24	100 ± 28
		29		3.22 ± 0.57	1.38 ± 0.2	85 ± 8
		31		3.63 ± 0.9	1.45 ± 0.06	100 ± 36
Ionescu-Shiley low profile	Stented	29		3.31 ± 0.96	1.36 ± 0.25	80 ± 30
		31		2.74 ± 0.37	1.33 ± 0.14	79 ± 15
Labcor-Santiago pericardial	Stented	25	8.7	4.5		97	2.2
		27	5.6 ± 2.3	2.8 ± 1.5		85 ± 18	2.12 ± 0.48
		29	6.2 ± 2.1	3 ± 1.3		80 ± 34	2.11 ± 0.73
Medtronic Intact Porcine	Stented	29		3.5 ± 0.51	1.6 ± 0.22
		31		4.2 ± 1.44	1.6 ± 0.26
		33		4 ± 1.3	1.4 ± 0.24
		35		3.2 ± 1.77	1.3 ± 0.5
Mitroflow	Stented	25		6.9	2.0	90
		27		3.07 ± 0.91	1.5	90 ± 20
		29		3.5 ± 1.65	1.43 ± 0.29	102 ± 21
		31		3.85 ± 0.81	1.32 ± 0.26	91 ± 22
Quadrileaflet bovine pericardial	Stentless	26		2.2 ± 1.7	1.6	103 ± 31	1.7
		28			1.58 ± 0.25		1.7 ± 0.6
		30			1.42 ± 0.32		2.3 ± 0.4
Wessex	Stented	29		3.69 ± 0.61	1.66 ± 0.17	83 ± 19
		31		3.31 ± 0.83	1.41 ± 0.25	80 ± 21

Normal values for Mitral Valve Mechanical Prothesis

Valve	Type	Size (mm)	Peak Gradient(mmHg)	Mean Gradient (mmHg)	Peak Velocity (m/s)	Pressure Half Time (ms)	Effective Orifice Area (cm2)
Bjork-Shiley	Tilting disc	23			1.7	115
		25	12 ± 4	6 ± 2	1.75 ± 0.38	99 ± 27	1.72 ± 0.6
		27	10 ± 4	5 ± 2	1.6 ± 0.49	89 ± 28	1.81 ± 0.54
		29	7.83 ± 2.93	2.83 ± 1.27	1.37 ± 0.25	79 ± 17	2.1 ± 0.43
		31	6 ± 3	2 ± 1.9	1.41 ± 0.26	70 ± 14	2.2 ± 0.3
Bjork-Shiley monostrut	Tilting disc	23		5.0	1.9
		25	13 ± 2.5	5.57 ± 2.3	1.8 ± 0.3
		27	12 ± 2.5	4.53 ± 2.2	1.7 ± 0.4
		29	13 ± 3	4.26 ± 1.6	1.6 ± 0.3
		31	14 ± 4.5	4.9 ± 1.6	1.7 ± 0.3
Carbomedics	Bileaflet	23			1.9 ± 0.1	126 ± 7
		25	10.3 ± 2.3	3.6 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.1	93 ± 8	2.9 ± 0.8
		27	8.79 ± 3.46	3.46 ± 1.03	1.61 ± 0.3	89 ± 20	2.9 ± 0.75
		29	8.78 ± 2.9	3.39 ± 0.97	1.52 ± 0.3	88 ± 17	2.3 ± 0.4
		31	8.87 ± 2.34	3.32 ± 0.87	1.61 ± 0.29	92 ± 24	2.8 ± 1.14
		33	8.8 ± 2.2	4.8 ± 2.5	1.5 ± 0.2	93 ± 12
Duromedics	Bileaflet	27	13 ± 6	5 ± 3	1.61 ± 0.4	75 ± 12
		29	10 ± 4	3 ± 1	1.40 ± 0.25	85 ± 22
		31	10.5 ± 4.33	3.3 ± 1.36	1.38 ± 0.27	81 ± 12
		33	11.2	2.5		85
Lillehei-Kaster	Tilting disc	18			1.7	140
		20			1.7	67
		22			1.56 ± 0.09	94 ± 22
		25			1.38 ± 0.27	124 ± 46
Medtronic Hall	Tilting disc	27			1.4	78
		29			1.57 ± 0.1	69 ± 15
		31			1.45 ± 0.12	77 ± 17
Omnicarbon	Tilting disc	23		8.0
		25		6.05 ± 1.81	1.77 ± 0.24	102 ± 16
		27		4.89 ± 2.05	1.63 ± 0.36	105 ± 33
		29		4.93 ± 2.16	1.56 ± 0.27	120 ± 40
		31		4.18 ± 1.4	1.3 ± 0.23	134 ± 31
		33		4 ± 2
On-X	Bileaflet	25	11.5 ± 3.2	5.3 ± 2.1			1.9 ± 1.1
		27	10.3 ± 4.5	4.5 ± 1.6			2.2 ± 0.5
		29	10.3 ± 4.5	4.5 ± 1.6			2.2 ± 0.5
		31	9.8 ± 3.8	4.8 ± 2.4			2.5 ± 1.1
		33	9.8 ± 3.8	4.8 ± 2.4			2.5 ± 1.1
Sorin Allcarbon	Tilting disc	25	15 ± 0.25	4 ± 0.5	1.95 ± 0.02	70 ± 1
		27	11 ± 2.75	4 ± 0.5	1.65 ± 0.21	82 ± 20
		29	12 ± 3	4 ± 1.25	1.73 ± 0.22	80 ± 14
		31	10 ± 1.5	4 ± 1	1.66 ± 0.11	83 ± 14
St. Jude Medical	Bileaflet	23		4.0	1.5	160	1.0
		25		2.5 ± 1	1.34 ± 1.12	75 ± 4	1.35 ± 0.17
		27	11 ± 4	5 ± 1.82	1.61 ± 0.29	75 ± 10	1.67 ± 0.17
		29	10 ± 3	4.15 ± 1.8	1.57 ± 0.29	85 ± 10	1.75 ± 0.24
		31	12 ± 6	4.46 ± 2.22	1.59 ± 0.33	74 ± 13	2.03 ± 0.32
Starr-Edwards	Caged ball	26		10.0			1.4
		28		7 ± 2.75			1.9 ± 0.57
		30	12.2 ± 4.6	6.99 ± 2.5	1.7 ± 0.3	125 ± 25	1.65 ± 0.4
		32	11.5 ± 4.2	5.08 ± 2.5	1.7 ± 0.3	110 ± 25	1.98 ± 0.4
		34		5.0			2.6

References

JASE,2009,sept;22(9):975-1014

JACC,2012,vol.5,no.4,2012